Through HESPERIA, a clone of REleASE was built in open source programming language. REleASE (Relativistic Electron Alert System for Exploration, Posner, 2007) uses this effect to predict the proton flux by utilizing actual electron fluxes and their most recent increases. The faster electrons arrive at L1 30 to 90 minutes before the slower protons. Near-relativistic (NR) electrons traveling faster than ions (30 MeV protons have 0.25c) are used to forecast the arrival of protons of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events with real-time measurements of NR electrons. Two prediction tools that have been developed in the framework of HESPERIA based upon the proven concepts UMASEP and REleASE. ![]() Solar Particle Radiation Storms Forecasting and Analysis within the Framework of the ` HESPERIA' HORIZON 2020 Project This work lays the foundation for future experimental studies of skippers and Completion of the first genome from the family Hesperiidae allowed comparative analyses with other Lepidoptera that revealed potential genetic bases for the unique phenotypic traits of skippers. Phylogenetic analysis of several Lepidoptera genomes suggested that the position of Hesperiidae remains uncertain as the tree topology varied depending on the evolutionary model. ![]() Comparison of Lepidoptera genomes revealed possible molecular bases for unique traits of skippers: a duplication of electron transport chain components could result in efficient energy supply for their rapid flight a diversified family of predicted cellulases might allow them to feed on cellulose-enriched grasses an expansion of pheromone-binding proteins and enzymes for pheromone synthesis implies a more efficient mate-recognition system, which compensates for the lack of clear visual cues due to the similarities in wing colors and patterns of many species of skippers. Comparative analysis of Lerema accius and the highly heterozygous genome of Papilio glaucus revealed differences in patterns of SNP distribution, but similarities in functions of genes that are enriched in non-synonymous SNPs. We obtained the 310 Mb draft genome of the Clouded Skipper (Lerema accius) from a wild-caught specimen using a cost-effective strategy that overcomes the high (1.6 %) heterozygosity problem. The moth-like features and the controversial position of skippers in Lepidoptera phylogeny make them valuable targets for comparative genomics. However, DNA studies suggest that the family Papilionidae (swallowtails) may be the sister to other butterflies including skippers. The family Hesperiidae ( skippers) was traditionally viewed as a sister to other butterflies based on its moth-like morphology and darting flight habits with fast wing beats. Skipper genome sheds light on unique phenotypic traits and phylogeny.Ĭong, Qian Borek, Dominika Otwinowski, Zbyszek Grishin, Nick Vīutterflies and moths are emerging as model organisms in genetics and evolutionary studies. To date, we have identified 4 distinct plains units within Hesperia Planum and are attempting to determine the nature and relative ages of these materials. To unravel these complexities, we are generating a 1:1.5M-scale geologic map of Hesperia Planum and its surroundings. ![]() The most common interpretation is that the plains were emplaced as "flood" lavas with total thicknesses of geologic mapping reveal that the whole of Hesperia Planum is unlikely to be composed of the same materials, emplaced at the same geologic time. Hesperia Planum, characterized by a high concentration of mare-type wrinkle ridges and ridge rings, encompasses > 2 million square km in the southern highlands of Mars. Geologic Mapping in the Hesperia Planum Region of Mars
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